Reproduction steps:
1. Create a new project
2. Import an empty .txt file (most likely works with any file)
3. In the editor, try to rename the asset to have the same name, but different letter cases (e.g. "file" to "File")
4. Notice, that the name was not changed
5. Press Ctrl+R, the asset will disappear from the Project window
6. Close and then reopen the editor
7. Notice, numerous warnings and errors in the log

Notes:
1. Trying to use the UI, after triggering the bug causes errors. Simply adding a canvas will throw numerous (The referenced script on this Behaviour is missing) warnings