How to reproduce:
1. Open the attached project "834383SetParent.zip"
2. Open test scene
3. Under Canvas is working and failing objects, enable working
4. Play the scene
5. Notice that Image appears and stays visible
6. Disable working and enable failing
7. Play the scene
8. Image is randomly not rendered

Actual result: image is randomly visible while using
var obj = Instantiate(prefab);
obj.transform.SetParent(someParent, false);

Expected result: Image is always visible just like when using Instantiate(prefab, someParent, false);

Not reproducible: 5.3.6p6
Reproducible: 5.4.1p3, 5.5.0b5