To reproduce:
1. Open project attached and run scene Start
2. Build and and run for StandAlone
3. Observe different results

Expected: it is possible to execute late binding by using SpriteAtlas.atlasRequested() and have Atlas Texture's included in build
Actual: it's not possible to have both (check editor log for items included in build)

Reproduced in: 2017.1.3p2, 2017.2.2p1, 2017.3.1p4, 2018.1.0b10

Note1: check the link for a detailed explanation of Sprite Atlas inconsistencies:
https://gametorrahod.com/demystifying-sprite-atlas-variants-d53535bc43da

Note2: when in Editor mode, SpriteAtlasManager.atlasRequested() is called even when having Atlases referenced (behavior differs from built project)

Note3:
Currently it's impossible to have Late Binding (without asset bundle) and packed Sprite Atlas textures in your build.
Possible scenarios:
1. Atlas included in the build by ticking "Include in Build" or having, say, script references. Result: SpriteAtlasManager.atlasRequested() is not getting called
2. Atlas is not included in build. Result SpriteAtlasManager.atlasRequested() is called, however, textures are not included in build